Author: John

A class act? Well certainly an enduring fact!

A class act? Well certainly an enduring fact!

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Keeping everyone in their role,

by a rigid method of social control!

 

The Feudal System.

Probably William’s most enduring legacy is his establishment of the feudal system which lives on today in the notorious English class system.

His first step was to confiscate the estates of the Saxon  nobility and give them to people that he could trust, his Norman barons. These men now became known as tenants in chief. In return for their lands the barons promised to fight for the King in the event of war. They also had to provide the King with an agreed number of  knights for forty days a year.

You must provide me with knights

for forty days and nights!

The barons then granted land to lower ranking barons who  were termed sub tenants. The sub tenants or lords of the manor were in turn  obliged to provide knights to the tenants in chief for forty days per annum.

The lords of the manor would then give land to the Saxon peasants in return for a specified number of services every year. These included working on the lord’s land for free for a certain number of days each year. This was greatly resented by the peasants.

While the lord of the manor feasted on a plate of roast pheasant!

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The life for a Saxon peasant could  be extremely unpleasant!

 

William’s genius.

It is possible that a powerful baron with the vast estates that he received from William could challenge the king’s power. After all  with  the large number of knights at their disposal they might be well placed to represent a significant threat to the crown.

William made a point of ensuring that the lands of a baron were not concentrated in one area but spread across different parts of the country. Some of a baron’s lands might be in Kent, the rest could be in Wiltshire. This meant that any rebellious baron would find it difficult to gather his forces together in order to attack the King.

All doom and gloom?

We shall now take a look at

The Domesday book!

Ruling a country is some respects rather like running a business. A business man needs to know what funds he has at his disposal to finance his projects. A  ruler receives his revenue from taxation levied on the population, but William was not entirely sure whether or not people were paying their fair share of tax to the Royal Exchequer. Perhaps some people were short changing the king and if this was the case then it had to be stopped. The question was how to ensure that William was receiving what he was owed?

The solution?

Check out everyone’s true contribution?

In 1085, William sent his officials to virtually every village and town in England to find out exactly how much  land and livestock each and every person owned. The investigation was incredibly thorough, indeed exhaustive and in some areas greatly resented. As one chronicler observed:

‘There was not one ox nor one cow nor one pig which escaped notice.’

The results were compiled in a huge book entitled the Domesday Book.

The Domesday Book.

Meet the (new) royals! Father, Willie and mother, Matilda (Tilly)!

Meet the (new) royals! Father, Willie and mother, Matilda (Tilly)!

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This was the family who to power in England ascended!

And from which the present royal family is descended!

England now had a new royal family. An exciting new development because King Edward the Confessor had had no children so there had been no ‘royals’ for decades. William had a formidable wife, a relatively large family including three sons who would engage in a fair degree of sibling rivalry even as adults. But  in common with their father would also become powerful rulers.

Mother Matilda  (1031-1083)

 

William was married to Matilda, daughter of the Duke of Flanders. William had not been Matilda’s first choice of husband. This honour fell to a Saxon noble, one Brithric who had once represented the English monarchy at her father’s court in Flanders. Matilda had developed a deep attachment to the handsome Saxon nobleman when she met him as a young woman. However it was a case of unrequited love because Britheric spurned Matilda’s amorous advances. The young woman was heartbroken.

To upset Tilly, well you really must be silly!

Can’t forget what happened to the man that she wanted instead of Duke Willie!

After the Norman conquest, Matilda persuaded William to strip Brithric of his possessions and have him imprisoned where he subsequently died.

Meet the children!

We need only mention the boys!

All three, once given power would avail themselves of its joys!

Robert Curthose ( Bobby short-legs (1051-1134

The eldest son, Robert would succeed his father as Duke of Normandy. Robert spent the first half of his life risking death on the battlefield and the second languishing in a Welsh jail at Cardiff castle having been imprisoned by his brother Henry. Despite a less comfortable life, he managed to reach the astonishing age of 83 which represented great longevity in the middle ages. However Robert’s incarceration was not entirely without achievement. He took the trouble to learn Welsh and wrote at least one poem in the language.

 

Robert Curthose - MS Royal 14 B VI.png

William Rufus (Rufus means ruddy complexion) c 1056 1100.

Wiilliam Rufus succeeded his father as  King of England and would  be killed by an arrow fired by a companion while hunting in the New Forest.

 

William II of England.jpg

Henry Beauclerc (Beauclerc means good administrator) c1068 – 1135. 

Henry was the youngest of the three surviving sons of the Conqueror and the only one to be born in England. As the youngest son, He was not expected to inherit very much at all from his father. However Henry would become both Duke of Normandy, and King of England. With the death of William Rufus and his jailing of Robert, Henry ended up with Conqueror’s entire estate.

Henry I

This was the beginning of the new dynasty that would rule England.

The Saxons receive no rest as William puts them to the test!

The Saxons receive no rest as William puts them to the test!

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The arrows came hurtling through the sky and one struck Harold in the eye!

With this wound, the hopes of  all Saxon England would die!

This was the prevailing opinion of Harold’s fate although it has been disputed by historians in recent years. It has been suggested that Harold was actually killed by some knights who in a  somewhat less than chivalrous manner, then proceeded to cut his body into pieces. Harold’s two younger brothers Gyrth and Leofwine had been killed earlier that day and the Saxons now leaderless became disheartened and many  began to leave the battlefield.

‘Harold himself, fighting at the front of his army, fell covered with deadly wounds. The English, seeing their king dead lost confidence in their own safety, and as night was approaching they turned and fled.’

A Norman monk, William of Jumieges, writing in 1170.

The night was black as pitch

and many a Norman knight died at place known as ‘evil ditch’.

As the Saxons were fleeing back to their homes, the jubilant Norman knights decided to press their advantage and pursued them. Darkness was falling and being unfamiliar with the terrain, many of them fell headlong into a ravine that was obscured by brambles. The Normans called this place ‘Malfosse’ which translates as ‘evil ditch.’ Those that survived the fall were swiftly dispatched by the vengeful Saxons.

As an act of thanksgiving to God for his great victory, William would build an abbey on Senlac hill. The High Altar was said to mark the exact spot where Harold Godwinson had fallen.

An Englisman’s home is his castle?

Actually the first castles in England were built by the Normans and were greatly detested by the English. William immediately began a process of constructing castles built out of mud and timber. These castles were known as the ‘motte and bailey’ variety. They were built in this way because speed was of the essence. William simply did not have the time to build stone castles. He needed to base his forces in defensive shelters dotted across the land. The motte was a high mound with a small fort on the top to enable the Normans to spot any signs of trouble.  The soldiers would live in the bailey and in the event of any serious threat would take refuge in the fort on the motte. They proved to be a most effective device in securing Norman control in England

A room with a view!

Hey Mr Saxon we are spying on you!

A diagram of a motte-and-bailey castle at Olivet a Grimbosq. Wikimedia

A victory complete?

Has William now got Saxon England at his feet?

No! William would experience resistance to his rule. The most serious uprising against William occurred in the north of England in 1070. He crushed it with a savagery that went far beyond his customary severity in dealing with opposition. His brutal thoroughness shocked even his most battle-hardened commanders. William first defeated the rebels and he then proceeded to destroy the agricultural base of the region without which human life could not be sustained. King William inflicted total war on the population by killing every living thing including crops that he encountered in northern England. This was genocide as people died in their tens of thousands! Those who escaped being put to the sword would die of starvation or sickness as disease follows famine as surely as night follows day.  It was named the ‘Harrying of the North’ and its effects would endure for decades.

 

 

The day of the battle that changed England forever!

The day of the battle that changed England forever!

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Location! Location! Location!

This is a must if we are to ensure the survival of the Saxon nation!

Select a position which will give the Normans  maximum aggravation!

On October 14th, the morning light illuminated the nature of the respective armies. Both were probably about 7,000 in terms of numerical strength. However apart from foot soldiers, the Normans had cavalry and many archers. The Saxons possessed neither, but their forces consisted of some 5,000 untrained and poorly armed peasants and perhaps 2,000 of the formidable, suicidal housecarls whose dedication to their king was beyond question.

Harold placed his men high on Senlac hill! It would be here that his army would fight and kill!

It would be here that Saxon England would do battle with the forces of Duke Will!

Senlac hill as it is today.

Harold would certainly not be the last property owner to decide on a birds eye view of the Sussex countryside when undertaking an important investment decision concerning essential resources. The Saxons had taken a position on a ridge which was flanked by marshes on either side and protected by thick woodland from the rear.

Why was this significant?

Harold knew that a vital element of the Norman attack would be by the cavalry! Men on horseback cannot charge effectively through dense forest which meant that he could not be attacked from the rear. The Normans would not be able to attack him from the left or the  right because horses are unable to gallop through marshy ground! Harold was forcing William to attack him uphill through a relatively narrow channel. When the Normans reached the top of Senlac hill they would be confronted by the formidable Saxon ‘shield wall’.

Harold drew his forces close and near!

Knowing that William could not attack him from the rear!

The Saxon army was protected on either side!

As through marshy land the Norman horsemen could not ride!

 

Early on the morning of October 14th, hostilities commenced! The Normans launched assault after assault and their archers kept up a deadly barrage of arrows but still the Saxon shield wall on Senlac ridge remained firm.

The battlefield from the north as it would have looked from the Saxon lines. 

Try as they might the Norman forces were unable to make a breach in the Saxon shield wall.  The Normans were constantly being driven back by a continuous volley of missiles thrown  from the Saxon ranks.

A scene from the Bayeux Tapestry showing Norman cavalry attacking the Saxon shield wall on Senlac ridge.

Things were not looking good for Duke William!  Indeed the low point in the battle for the Normans was when a rumour spread that William had been killed.  William quickly dispelled the rumour by lifting the face shield of his helmet and rallying his disheartened soldiers.

Bayeuxtapestrywilliamliftshishelm.jpg

The scene from the Bayeux Tapestry showing William raising the face shield of his helmet.

 

Behind their shields, us, do the Saxons await!

To break their packed ranks, we need some ingenious bait!

We must think of something soon, before it is too late!

According to some accounts, the Normans then thought of an ingenious trick! They would attack, pretend to panic and flee down the hill in apparent disarray.  The Normans hoped that the Saxons, seeing them in a state of fright, would break ranks and follow them down the hill thus creating a gap in the shield wall.

Our knights will feign fear, and run down the hill like frightened deer!

This will draw the Saxons away from the packed ridge and into the clear!

This is exactly what happened!  At an opportune moment, the Normans whirled their horses around and surrounded the Saxons  as they charged down the hill.  At the same time, other Norman  knights entered the gap in the shield wall made by the Saxons in their pursuit of the ‘terrified’ Normans! The shield wall was broken and this event rang the death knell, not only for many Saxons on Senlac hill, but also for Saxon England itself!

Enemies, both north and south.

Enemies, both north and south.

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Rivals for the crown both the north and south!

News reaches Harold by word of mouth!

On September 25th, Hardrada headed from his camp at the banks of the Humber to travel to York to talk to the defeated local lords.  It was an unusually hot day, and expecting nothing in the way of trouble, his men had left their weapons behind them as they journeyed to York.  As they approached the city, hoping for little more than some rest and recreation within its walls, they were confronted with the awesome sight of the Saxon army.

The Saxons pounced on the near defenceless Norwegians many of whom tried to run back to the river Humber for their weapons.  One brave, enormous Viking stood with an axe on the entrance to Stamford Bridge and killed Saxon after Saxon with a circular swathe of his huge axe in a courageous attempt to buy time for his comrades to retrieve their weaponry.

Stamford Bridge on the river Derwent where Harold defeated Hardrada’s viking army.

Photograph showing Stamford Bridge and lake

 

Hardly cricket, old chap!

Not that we mind, we killed him with a spear from behind!

He was eventually killed by a Saxon who commandeered a curragh, and, sailing under the bridge in a rather unsporting spirit, threw a spear at him from behind.

At the days end Hardrada and Tostig both lay dead, as did so many of their men.  There were so few survivors that a mere 24 of the 300 ships that had arrived were sufficient to ferry them back to Norway.

At Stamford Bridge we slew the Viking beast!

Let us now retire to York to relax and feast!

Well, not for long!  As he savoured his victory over Hardrada, Harold received the disturbing news that William had landed at Pevensey on September 29th and was laying waste to his beloved home county of Sussex.

So gracious was the morning tide, so pleasant was the boat ride!

With great ease the sandy, Saxon beach, our Norman army soon did reach!

A lesson in the art of warfare, the Saxon king we will teach!

For William, the wind could not possibly have changed at a better time.  He was able to sail and land in England while Harold was in the north, and the southern coast lay undefended.

Thank God for Imperial Rome!  Their old fort at Pevensey would become William’s first English home!

William decided to put the old Roman fort at Pevensey to good use.  It had not been used in 600 years but the Romans had done a good job, it was still in good working order.  He would re-fortify it and use it as his base of military operations in Sussex.

The Normans went boldly forth from Pevensey’s Roman fort!

Across the fair, green land of  Sussex they plundered and fought!

Pevensey castle.jpg

The entrance to Pevensey Castle.  William’s pathway to England!

The castle had been built by the Romans as a defensive device to keep invaders out of the country.  William now used it as the polar opposite!  It would now play a crucial role in an offensive plan to allow invaders into the land!

Meanwhile, Harold’s victory celebrations at York were speedily terminated as he conferred with his commanders on how best to proceed.

For Harold the change in wind direction set forth a chain of events that would end in disaster!

Of his country, he would no longer be the master!

Harold decided on another surprise attack.  He saw the need for breakneck speed and marched the 250 miles along the old Roman roads so fast that he failed to stop for additional manpower.  His army arrived in London footsore and immensely fatigued.  On the evening of October 13th, Harold set up camp on a high ridge in Sussex, opposite William’s army.

England Invaded!

England Invaded!

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The long wait, which would determine England’s fate!

Patience………., William certainly needed it. The wind stubbornly refused to change direction all summer long.   The wind was a problem, thought William, but boy was he wrong!  

The wind direction that brought William so much frustration,

would play a big part in winning control over the English nation!

Harold, expecting a visit from his Norman neighbour sometime during the summer had his reception committee, the fyrd, as the Saxon army was called, camped out along the southern coast throughout the summer months.  As autumn drew close, the members of the fyrd were anxious to go home in order to bring in the harvest.  

But from William, at summer’s end, no show!

Harold decided it was time to let his army go!

With the evenings drawing in, a relieved Harold withdrew from the coast and headed back to London. He would not expect to deal with William until sometime in 1067.  A leisurely autumn beckoned, with perhaps a spot of stag hunting around the county of Sussex before the snows descended in winter.

He could also  look forward to romantic evenings at his manor in Bosham with the love of his life, Edith Swan Neck.  Then, of course, the great feast of Christmas was but months away.  William could wait.  Unfortunately for Harold there was someone else, who couldn’t.  This threat came in the form of a gigantic, fearsome warrior ruler who lurked among the icy fjords of Scandinavia and whose reputation for military prowess stretched as far east as the arid climes of Egypt and Asia Minor. A man who stalked the inner recesses of the north like some Neanderthal alpha male and to whom the concepts of patience and diplomacy were entirely unknown. 

Yet another threat from a Viking warrior host!

The Norwegian  king has landed on England’s northern coast!

 This was Harald Hardrada, the 6 feet 6 inches tall king of Norway. He felt that he too had a claim to the English crown, and he decided it was time to come across to collect!  He was supported by king Harold’s own brother Tostig, who in a fit of unbrotherly love had aligned himself with the formidable Hardrada.

A coin depicting an image of Harald Hardrada, King of Norway.

 

Hardrada and Tostig had landed on Humberside in September and swiftly defeated the local forces at the battle of Fulford.  Hardrada then intended to march south to face king Harold.

King Harold and his army work fast with their feet!

They are in a hurry, for they have a bunch of Vikings to beat!

 

Harold, learning of the presence of this unwelcome visitor to his kingdom, reacted swiftly.  He decided to force march his army northwards, along the old Roman roads at breakneck speed with a view to surprising Hardrada at York.  The Saxon army included Harold’s elite bodyguards known as the housecarles. The housecarle tradition was Scandinavian in origin but had been introduced to England during the earlier years of Viking rule. They were the 11th century equivalent of the SAS, or US Special Forces, and their savagery was legendary.  They could always be relied upon to get a lot more than a pound of flesh from any foe that they might encounter.  The problem was, Hardrada had a full stable of precisely the same type of warrior.

The Battle of Stamford Bridge.

King Harold completely surprised Hardrada and his Norwegian host. The Saxons pounced on the astonished Norwegians at Stamford Bridge and swiftly defeated them. It was not a battle but an orgy of slaughter. Hardrada himself was slain.

Despite a rapid march, Harold’s army did not falter!

At Stamford Bridge, they made great slaughter!

As he waited at the port of Saint Valery in Normandy, William  would have been aware of Hardrada’s excursion into England. However, he would have been unaware of the events at Stamford Bridge. Which of the two formidable warriors would he face; Harold or Harald? Food for thought. Suddenly the wind changed an William was ready to sail.

The Norman fleet leaves Saint Valery on September 27th.

 

 

William the Conqueror.

William the Conqueror.

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The Tower of London, which was built by William the Conqueror.  The Tower was the very first stone castle to be built in England. To this day it remains in use as an official royal residence and national armoury.

Why the English people remained loyal to those who were born royal!

 

Never again would England’s southern shore, to an invader offer an open door!

 

One most unlikely to succeed!  Who could have foreseen his ingenuity, military prowess and greed!

It all began across the English Channel in France, with the birth of a baby boy who was not of royal blood.  Indeed, William the Conqueror as he would eventually become known, was born out of wedlock in c.1027 at Falaise in Normandy.  The son of Robert the Magnificent  Duke of Normandy, and Herleva of Falaise.

No single man would have more influence on the language,  legal system and social structure of England than William of Normandy.  He also proved to be an immensely able soldier, but when he invaded England, his military capabilities were aided by extremely fortunate circumstances that no one could have foreseen.  One of these involved the weather, which at the time,  frustrated William beyond measure but later would prove to be a decisive factor in his  eventual success. The  second fortunate element was the ambitions of a potential competitor for the English throne whose actions would serve to benefit William rather than himself. Both of these events will be examined and explained later in the blog. So please pay me another visit!

What did this guy look like?

William appears in a scene from the Bayeux Tapestry depicting him at the time of his greatest triumph, the Battle of Hastings.  It is known that he was about five feet ten inches in height, which was tall for the time, and of powerful build.  He also appears to have gone bald early in life.

William the Conqueror, depicted on the Bayeux Tapestry.

William the Conqueror (part 2)

William the Conqueror (part 2)

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Duke Robert encountered Herleva and he swore that he would never leave her!

According to legend, Duke Robert was surveying his lands from the battlements of his castle at Falaise.  A glorious scene, he no doubt thought, as his eyes scanned the fertile green fields of his duchy.

Robert 1st, Duke of Normandy (1000-1035).

On this particular day a young woman was washing clothes in the river. Her skirts were hitched high up her legs in order to keep them dry. He marvelled at her beauty and was unable to take his gaze from where she stood in the water. The young Duke was besotted by what he saw and immediately inquired about her name.  He was told that the young woman’s name was Herleva.

Herleva of Falaise.

The invitation which changed the destiny of an entire nation!

Without delay, Robert sent an invitation for Herleva to dine with him at the castle.  Herleva naturally accepted, dinner was divine, and within a short time she was ensconced at Falaise as the ducal mistress.  Robert could not have any idea that the invitation would alter the entire course of England’s history.

A conqueror is born!

A birth that unborn generations would tearfully mourn!

In 1028, Herleva gave birth to a boy, William.  The couple were not married because Herleva was of humble birth. The social protocol of the time forbade the marriage the marriage of a Duke to a commoner. Her father Fulbert appears to have made his living by means which were considered very low down the Norman pecking order. Fulbert was a tanner.

This would have meant working with the hides (skins) of dead animals. Tales of the stench  from the hides in a tannery were infamous. It was said that you could detect a tanner’s presence by his smell from a 20 paces and a scent of this sort permeating the Great Hall at Falaise would have been most unwelcome. So for the time being Duke Robert could not put a wedding ring on Herlava’s finger.

In the meantime Robert decided to make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem but was taken ill on the return journey and died at Nicaea in July 1035. The dreadful news was accompanied by dark rumours of murder by poison.

Duke Robert’s death in a faraway land!

Before he had taken in marriage, fair Herleva’s hand!

Would serve to advance the ambitions of many a traitorous Norman band!

Herleva was naturally keen to see that her son, eight year old William would succeed his father as Duke of Normandy. However not all of the Norman nobility were not about to rally to the aid of this particular damsel in distress.  Duke Robert’s death coupled with William’s youth combined with his illegitimate birth and compounded by the treachery of the barons meant that it was highly improbable that he would ever live to be Duke. Seeing what appeared to be a golden opportunity, a number of nobles conspired to rob the boy of his birthright!

Young William!

‘Boyhood reveals the man as morning shows the day’.

Jesuit axiom.

Clearly William needed loyal adults to ensure his safety. Herleva’s brother, Walter was appointed as young William’s chief guardian. However it soon became clear that any man accepting a post in William’s ducal employment could expect a seriously shortened life expectancy.

A happy childhood!

Of William’s, nothing was good!

One of William’s bodyguard’s, Osborn had had his throat cut while he slept next to the young Duke in his bedchamber.

Any time to educate?

No! Barely a second to evacuate!

William’s tutor was slain as he arrived to teach the boy his lessons. On one occasion, uncle Walter had to rush the boy from his bed as he lay sleeping when a  gang led by a local landowner intent on murder tried to gain entry. William was forced to mount a horse clad only in his underclothes and compelled to cross a fast flowing river in a bid to reach safety.

Normandy descended into chaos with the rival bands attacking each other with unbridled savagery . No one was safe! Friend turned against friend and neighbour against neighbour!

Hear no evil!

See no evil!

Speak no evil!

This was certainly true of one unfortunate Norman noble. The unsuspecting fellow arriving at a neighbour’s wedding feast at a time when hostilities appeared to have ceased was in for an unpleasant surprise! Nuptial festivities? This guest returned home without his ears, eyes and tongue! The noble was given over to to the care of monks, all of whom had taken an oath of celibacy. Our noble friend did not have to worry about celibacy, his host had taken a knife to his sexual organs.

Love thy neighbour?

No! No! Neighbourhood watch!

With neighbours such as these, William had to exercise constant vigilence as he sought to regain his authority. Young William proved himself to be a youth of great courage and resourcefulness by outwitting those who threatened his ascension to the ducal seat.

By the 1050’s, William (often called William the bastard, but never to his face) had defeated his rivals and his position as  Duke of Normandy was secure.

 

The Battle for the English Crown.

The Battle for the English Crown.

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William was now a powerful continental ruler whose power rivalled that of his nominal overlord,  the king of France.  However William had his eyes on a much greater prize.

Eyes on the prize!  William desires to gain lands of a far greater size!

William considered himself to be the heir to his distant cousin, the elderly king of England, Edward the Confessor.  Edward had spent part of his formative years in Normandy and retained an affection for the Norman way of life.  Normans were made extremely welcome at his court and many settled permanently in England.

The Confessor in his younger days.

Edward would die without an heir. An event that would ultimately cause the three greatest military commanders of the era to fight to the death on English soil.

Wise career move!

William was aware that Edward enjoyed the company of Normans, so as a young man he is alleged to have taken the trouble to visit Edward in 1051 in order to become better acquainted.  William and Edward appeared to hit it off really well! So well in fact that William claimed that Edward had promised him the throne of England after his death.  During his latter years, Edward had become preoccupied with the construction of his great church just west of London, ‘the west minster’, that would one day be known as Westminster Abbey. Edward died in January 1066 and William assumed that he would now become king.

William is pipped at the post!

He finds himself rejected by the most!

The most? Yes, the Saxons of England had other ideas! They wanted one of their own to rule over them. Edward appears to have had second thoughts regarding his Norman cousin, because on his deathbed, he declared that Harold Godwinson would be his successor!  

Harold as Earl of Wessex was an experienced ruler and an accomplished soldier.  Indeed the ‘Witan’ , or the body of great nobles which advised the king, selected Harold over William as king.

Harold Godwinson.

 

Harold was crowned king within days of Edward’s death in the new abbey at Westminster.

Why?

Because as a prospective boss,

The Saxon nobles considered William a dead loss!

William had a reputation of dealing in a very tough manner with people who upset him!

William considered this an outrageous trick!

It was one that made him sick!

He prepares a mammoth invasion

that would mark a momentous historical occasion!

William decided that he would invade England and take the throne by force! He advertised all over Europe for soldiers of fortune to join his army and promised great rewards for those who would be prepared to follow! William gathered his military host at a Norman port in the summer and patiently awaited a favourable wind in order to set sail for England’s southern coast!

 

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